相比較而言,明斯基的框架..." />
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2024-08-16 15:37:34
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斯斯電影網(wǎng)劇情介紹:
相比較而言,明斯基的框架理論主要是從認(rèn)知個體的角度提出來的。它主要依賴的是個體的經(jīng)驗和神經(jīng)機制的活動過程。雖然這種個體經(jīng)驗活動和生理活動能夠與外部世界相互作用而構(gòu)造和重現(xiàn)出“典型情境”,能夠形成某種程度的“框架”,但它們的作用范圍是有限的,其社會化的程度較低。而劉長林的境域律雖然不是從認(rèn)知個體出發(fā)進行概括的,但卻主要是從本體論角度出發(fā)來確定不同的認(rèn)知范圍的,所謂對象世界的“境域”似乎與認(rèn)知主體沒有多少關(guān)聯(lián),這就走到了另一個極端。事實上,世界的分類系統(tǒng)、事物的性質(zhì)或?qū)傩圆⒉粏渭儊碜詫ο蟊旧?,它們同時來自認(rèn)知主體本身,尤其同時來自集體認(rèn)同了的分類模式和思維圖式本身。通常,人們之所以確定某類事物的屬性,并將相同或相類似的屬性劃入一個類別,就在于他們選取了一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或維度,依據(jù)這個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或維度,紛繁的事物和現(xiàn)象總能被歸入一個井然有序的系統(tǒng)當(dāng)中。
如此看來,從文化角度來看待認(rèn)知不同于從個體及其經(jīng)驗角度上看待認(rèn)知,也不同于從本體論上、從客體方面來看待認(rèn)知。首先,認(rèn)知的主體發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變。即認(rèn)知的主體不再是個人及其經(jīng)驗,而是整個人類及其所創(chuàng)造的文化。由于人們的活動是以社會化的方式和集體地組織起來的方式進行的,因此,活動的主體必然是社會化的、集體性的主體,是“復(fù)數(shù)”的主體。而且,它的創(chuàng)造性成果——文化,也以擬人化的方式伴隨于整個人類主體當(dāng)中。這樣,在實際的認(rèn)知過程中,社會化的主體或生活共同體便形成舍勒所說的“超個體機制”。其次,認(rèn)知的視角發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)換。即那種從外部觀察我們自身的視角得以確立。只有當(dāng)我們從意義(價值)、信念(信仰)、符號(語言)、制度(規(guī)范)這樣一些視角來看待認(rèn)知活動時,我們才能超越單純的生理—心理層面的認(rèn)知,才能置身于“皮膚包裹的自我”之外,才有可能跳出哲學(xué)家希拉里·普特南(Hilary Putnam)所說的“缽中之腦”,來看待這個世界。換言之,當(dāng)持有某種文化觀念的人能夠站在文化比較的立場來看待其他文化時,他就有可能審視其他文化的短長,就有可能獲得一種“上帝的眼光”:不是離開文化來談?wù)撌澜缛绾稳绾危且罁?jù)不同的文化來談?wù)撌澜缛绾巍W詈?,認(rèn)知的“裝備”是實體性的。雖然“文化”所指稱的對象物就整體而言是無形的、不可感知的,但就它作用于人們的認(rèn)知活動來講,則是實實在在的。即借助于有形的、物化的手段,文化實際上構(gòu)成了人類認(rèn)知器官的延伸與外化,是一種“概念裝置”“語言裝置”或“精神裝置”。如果我們再將各種文化模式與它們所對應(yīng)的地理空間位置聯(lián)系起來,文化的實體性則不僅具有了物質(zhì)的含義,也具有了空間的含義,進而使作為精神實體的文化與人的實踐活動、地理空間等質(zhì)料因素更緊密地聯(lián)系起來。
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